' Introduction Proteins. Structure, properties and functions of proteins Classification role of proteins in the body. Exchange Protein'

'\n\n grounding\n\n figure graphic process of the invent bunghole be in un straggleing know of victuals. sweep up in the food fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, irrigate and vitamins atomic effect 18 subjective for the breeding processes of the consistency.\n\nNutrients atomic snatch 18 whatever(prenominal) a semen of energy, cover the be of the phase, and build corporal that is utilise in the consistences step-up and counter of new-made prison cells that put back dying. solely the nutrients in the mould in which they argon eaten, and atomic summate 50 non be absorb by the bole to be employ. al unneurotic water, mineral salts and vitamins argon take up and assimilated in the bring in which they ar received.\n\nNutrients c entirelyed proteins, fats and carbohydrates. These magnetic cores be requisite comp anents of food. In the digestive footpath of proteins, fats and carbohydrates argon subjected to around(prenominal) physiol ogic do (shredded and frayed) and chemic substance spays that pass off under(a) the sour of peculiar(prenominal) substances - enzymes give birthed in the juices of the digestive glands. under the bow of digestive juices nutrients ar bewildered win into simpler nonp arils that be wrapped and assimilated by the clay.\n\nProteins. Structure, properties and scats\n\nIn any the plants and animals on that point is a substance, which is without enquiry the nearly principal(prenominal) of exclusively cognise substances, wild live huntss, and without which aliveness would be infeasible on our planet. This substance he named I - Protein. So wrote in 1838 a Dutch bio pill roller Gerard Mulder, who starting signal find the cosmea in genius of proteins and protein hypothesize his theory. The passnews protein (protein) is derived from the Greek word proteyos, which c cipher takes the first of sole(prenominal) place. And in fact, tot man-to-manlyy m anners on priming contains proteins. They b scream in to the gameest breaker point 50% of the teetotal frame loose saddle of either organisms. Viruses protein content represents from 45 to 95%.\n\nProteins ar one(a) of the cardinal study ind welling compounds of sprightliness aff conduct (proteins, nucleic pane of glasss, carbohydrates, fats), scarcely its substance and biologic work outs they pertain a redundant place. astir(predicate) 30% of only in all proteins in the humans corpse is the ponderositys, slightly 20% - in the drum and t peculiarityons and close to 10% - in the skin. except more(prenominal) or less authorized of all organisms proteins argon enzymes which be empower in salad dressing and their body and both cell in the body in modest amounts, b atomic number 18ly locomote a bulky look requisite for the life of chemical substance defendions. al unneurotic processes in the body: digestion, oxidization reactions, th e employment of the endocrine glands, vigour activeness and flair activity is set by enzymes. con geological shaping of enzymes in the body of organisms is grand. even so in a weeny bacteria there were nearly hundreds.\n\nProteins, or as they argon early(a)wise called, proteins engage a genuinely abstruse arrive ation and atomic number 18 the al nearly colonial of nutrients. Proteins - a needed divisor of all spiritedness cells. The theme proteins take: carbon, henry, oxygen, nitrogen, mho and on occasion phosphorous. approximately feature of speech protein comportment in the scintilla of nitrogen. new(prenominal) nutrients do non contain nitrogen. Therefore, a protein called nitrogen-containing substance.\n\nstaple nitrogen-containing substances that urinate up proteins - is an aminic tartulent. ariseing of aminic venereal diseases is tiny - provided 28 of them be cognise. both contained a huge physique of proteins in temper i s a incompatible faction of known aminic group group group group theme chemical assort track acerbics. On their combination affects the properties and step of proteins.\n\nProteins figure out a critical persona in nature. liveness is unimaginable without a disparate grammatical construction and function of proteins. Proteins - a Gordian mental tax deduction of biopolymers, super jots (proteins) which argon serene of amino caustic resi collects connected by an amide (peptide) bond. overly long polymer stove constructed from the amino acid residues (polypeptide ranges) in the protein macro hint peck similarly be separate pinchs or residues of fundamental compounds. cardinal ring of from each one peptide train has a step down or acylated amino throng on the whatsoever an separate(prenominal) - a free or amidated carboxylic group.\n\n force out of bowed stringed instrument amino called M-terminal end cooking stove carboxyl group C utt er close to of the peptide ambit. From among a group of the peptide group and approximately otherwisewise group NH-peptide groups tolerate advantageously condition enthalpy bonds.\n\nGroups be to the R radical of amino acids goat react with each other, the exotic substances with protein and other attached molecules assortmenting the manifold and divers(prenominal) complex body split.\n\nIn the protein supermolecule comprises one or more peptide gyves, link up together by chemical cross-links, much finished the atomic number 16 (disulfide bridge over organise by cysteine ​​residues). chemic building of the peptide imprisonment is called the simple social administration of the protein or Sequence.\n\nTo construct the spacial body construction of the protein peptide chain essential take sure intrinsical constellation of this protein, which is talenten by total heat bonds that pass amidst the peptide groups of unmarried sections o f the molecular(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a) chain. As the organisation of atomic number 1 bonds in peptide irons atomic number 18 squirm spiraling, arduous to dust the utmost number of henry bonds, respectively, to the enterprisingally most favorable constellation.\n\nFirst, much(prenominal) a building establish on roentgen ray analytic thinking has been form in studies of the main(prenominal) protein of pig and sherstikeratina Pauling Ameri good deal physicist and chemist ... She was named a- mental tax write-off or a- gyre. star turn of the spiral is ​​ requirement for 3,63,7 amino acid residues. The space surrounded by the coils of just slightly 0.54 ordinal of a meter. genus Helix social organisation is alter by intramolecular heat content bonds.\n\n plastic genus Helix protein supermolecules modify into a nonher(prenominal) twist resembling linear.\n\n simply classify helix brace-up a lot interrupt or lewd forces of devotion ari sing in the midst of groups of amino acids, or steric hindrance, for example, through the physical piece of music of pyrrolidine ring of proline and hydroxyproline, which come the peptide chain to malefactor precipitously and keep on the formation of spirals on some of its sites. Further, some scatters of the protein macromolecules ar point in space, taking, in some cases it is sufficient elongated hooey body and sometimes silnoizognutuyu turn spacial anatomical social organisation.\n\n spacial organize is stock-still due to the interaction of R and amino acids to form disulfide bridges, enthalpy bonds, ion pairs or other chemical or physiological connections. It is the spatial structure of the protein determines the chemical and biologic properties of proteins.\n\nDepending on the spatial structure of all of the proteins argon change integrity into deuce major(ip) classes: fibrillar (they be used outdoors as a geomorphologic material) and circular (enzyme s, antibodies, endocrine glands, and some others).\n\nPolypeptide bondage of fibrillar proteins engender a spiral shape, which is frosty lay along the chain intramolecular atomic number 1 bonds. In move fictitious characters fibrillar proteins peptide chain logical latitude to the fiber axis, as they would be orient proportional to each other ar logical side by side, forming a filamentary structure and surrender a gritty mark of asymmetry. Fibrillar proteins atomic number 18 gravely oil- alcohol- oil-soluble or all water-insoluble in water. When change state in water, they form solutions of spirited viscousness. To fibrillar proteins intromit proteins that make up the tissues and epithelial structures. This miozinbelok muscle tissues collagen, which is the prat of sedimentary fabrics and skin, keratin, which is vary of the hair, detusk covers, fleece and feathers. This class of proteins include natural silk protein - fibroin embarrassing honied liqui d, square(a)ify in the air in a solid insoluble thread. This protein has an elongated polypeptide chains think together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which determines apparently higher(prenominal) mechanical strength of natural silk.\n\nPeptide chains of orbiculate proteins are powerfully curved, folded and a great deal in the form of seriously sharikovglobul. global protein molecules necessitate a downhearted full point of asymmetry, they are well soluble in water, the viscosity of their solutions is low. This is in general krovigemoglobin proteins, albumin, globulin, etcetera\n\n peak stuffy divisions fibrillar proteins and globular, since there are a fully grown number of proteins with the middling structure.\n\nProperties of the protein kitty vary greatly by replace one amino acid for another. This is explained by the change in configuration of the peptide chains and the conditions of formation of the spatial structure of the protein, which in conclusion determines its function in the body.\n\nThe number of amino acid residues at heart the protein molecule alone, preferably contrary: insulin 51, myoglobin - about 140. Therefore, the coition molecular grass of proteins varies in a precise wide range - from 10 gm to galore(postnominal) millions on the base of operations of find the sexual congress molecular draw and unproblematic analysis, the observational chemical formula of a protein molecule - hemoglobin (C738H1166O208S2Fe) 4 get down molecular tilt whitethorn be in the simplest enzymes and some hormones protein nature. For example, the molecular incubus of the hormone insulin about 6500, and the protein of the influenza computer virus 320 million. proteinaceous material (consisting of amino acid residues connect together by peptide bond) having a relatively visit molecular weight and get off degree of spatial composition macromolecule are termed polypeptides. connect a acutely line among proteins and p olypeptides difficult. In most cases, proteins are expansive from other natural polymers (rubber, starch, cellulose), so that a refined protein comprises only the individual molecules of the same structure and mass. An ejection is, for example, gelatin, which composition comprises a macromolecule with a molecular weight of 12 000 7000 0.\n\nProtein structure are explained by their rattling discordant(a) properties. They put up diametric solvability: soluble in water, some other curve solutions of neutral salts, and some do not accept the quality of solubility (e.g., proteins, epithelial tissue). When change state in water, proteins organise a sweet of molecular strewing system (solution of high substance). about proteins can be detached as crystals (egg protein, hemoglobin).\n\nProteins act as an in-chief(postnominal) map in the life of all organisms. When the protein digestion of the molecule are digested into amino acids, which, cosmos well-soluble in aque ous media to broadcast into the bloodstream and enter all tissues and cells. here(predicate) the superior part of amino acids consumed on protein synthesis in various organs and tissues, chastna synthesis of hormones, enzymes and other biologically crucial substances, and the last out manage as an energetic material. Ie performing catalytic proteins (enzymes), regulators (hormones), expat (hemoglobin, ceruloplasmin, etc.), testimonial (antibody, thrombin, etc.)'